Science Fiction & Fantasy Remembrance

Short Story Review: “Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas” by R. A. Lafferty

July 11th, 2025

(Cover by Dember. Galaxy, December 1962.)

Who Goes There?

I’ve been meaning to dig more into R. A. Lafferty’s early work, which is the stuff that tends to get overlooked when I see people evaluating his legacy. Lafferty is pretty divisive among readers, probably more so today than half a century ago: either you’re a fan of his stuff or you ain’t. I’m not a fan myself, really, but I’ll try anything once (or even twice). In the case of Lafferty it’s mainly because he’s Quirky™ that he has a love-him-or-hate-him reputation, although this same quirkiness also threw him into the midst of the New Wave, despite being politically and socially conservative and also already middle-aged, being about a generation older than most of his fellow New Wavers. He appeared in Dangerous Visions, because of course he did. He was also one of the most frequent contributors to Damon Knight’s Orbit series. Lafferty had made his debut in the late ’50s, but not many people know this. Also, I should mention that this will be a shorter review than usual, both because “Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas” is very short and also because there’s not much I can say about it.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the December 1961 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction. It’s been reprinted in the Lafferty collection Strange Doings, and has fallen out of copyright, so it’s on Project Gutenberg.

Enhancing Image

The tragedy of the situation is that Manuel is too thorough at his job, which is not the same thing as being good at one’s job. The state authorities hire Manuel as a census taker, which (the narrator tells us upfront) is a decision that will lead to the deaths of thousands. We’re basically told how the story will end at the beginning, but are not given context. The official who gives Manuel his job tells him to count all the people in the Santa Magdalena (which as far as I can tell is not a real place), a little mountain area on the outskirts of High Plains, Texas. The job should’ve been an easy one, since there aren’t many people in that area—or at least there aren’t many normal people. Unfortunately, Manuel knows something that the official does not. “The official had given a snap judgement, and it led to disaster. It was not his fault. The instructions are not clear. Nowhere in all the verbiage does it say how big they have to be to be counted as people.” So Manuel takes his mule, named Mula, into the desert, and three days later he returns to High Plains, his papers filled with names—thousands of them. Thousands more than there should be. Also, quite strangely, Manuel and his mule seem to have aged by decades, despite not being gone nearly that long. Manuel claims he had aged 35 years while doing the census, and he might be right about that. He also seems to have shrunk in size, to the size of—well, it’s a slur that Lafferty uses, which I will not repeat here.

There’s a large cratr near High Plains, about the size of where a small town might’ve been, and the crater (nobody knows what caused it) had long since been christened as Sodom. Now, Lafferty knew his Bible, and even if you don’t then you should still figure that if there’s a Sodom, there must also be a Gomorrah. These are the twin cities of the plain that God decided to blow to kingdom come, on account of their collective wickedness. The author (or maybe authors) of Genesis did not make it clear just what it was that the people of Sodom and Gomorrah were guilty of, but a common historical interpretation is that they indulged a little too much in old-fashioned sodomy—you know that’s where the word comes from. Of course, Lafferty is being ironic, since the people of High Plains and whatever Sodom used to be are not guilty of any crime worthy of a Biblical smackdown; but rather these people fall victim to a classic bureaucratic fuck-up. You could say it was a little misunderstanding. The problem is that Manuel knew about the little people who lived in the Santa Magdalena; by little we mean about the size of action figures, or Jonathan Swift’s Lilliputians. Manuel, who we’re told is quite stupid (he is apparently illiterate and can’t read a map), respects the little people, but irks them something fierce when he tries counting them as part of the census. Hilarity ensues.

How much you like Lafferty will depend on your own sense of humor, as well as if you can get behind his callousness as well as his religious ferocity. There’s an immense sadism in a lot of Lafferty’s writing, which is sometimes played for laughs, such as here, as well as the last Lafferty story I reviewed, “The Transcendent Tigers.” “Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas” is not as good as “The Transcendent Tigers,” for one because it’s not as funny, but also I feel like Lafferty has less of a point to make. The former is so short that we barely have time to understand any of these characters, and Lafferty doesn’t escalate the catastrophe like he does in his best/funniest work. I would describe this story as “cute,” which is to say it has the same energy as a decent joke that makes you exhale from your nostrils but doesn’t actually make you laugh. I do sometimes wonder why Lafferty had such a sadistic streak, but then again virtually every Catholic writer I know has a perverted preoccupation when it comes to death and human suffering. I’ve also seen criticisms of Lafferty for having misogynistic tendencies, but since there aren’t any female characters of note here, there is at least that.

There Be Spoilers Here

Manuel dies, seemingly from a mix of rapid aging and having lost his marbles, which then has the perspective change to that of Marshal, the census chief of High Plains. One night Marshal gets a visitor in the form of one of the little people, although Marshal’s not totally convinced it isn’t a hallucination. The little guy is upset about Manuel’s census list and wants it back, but it’s too late. The truth is that what had caused Sodom was that the people who lived there (this was a few hundred years ago, so says the little dude) had found out about the little people. The whole town had been blown up, from what the little dude reveals to be some kind of explosive “the size of a grain of sand.” Marshal does not take the warning seriously and—well, you already know the rest. The change in perspectives bugged me a bit, being that this is such a short story, and also there’s the fact that the back end suddenly becomes heavy on dialogue compared to the rest of it. The result almost reads like a rough draft.

A Step Farther Out

“Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas” is both early and minor Lafferty, in that it’s good for a chuckle but not much else. I suspect Fred Pohl accepted it because he liked it enough, and because of its lenght he thought it would be a good little piece to fill out an issue. Back in the days before online magazines, it was common practice to accept minor stories for the sake of filler, which is not something online magazine editors have to think about. There’s filler by the usual suspects when it comes to this sort of thing, but then there’s also filler by major writers. Lafferty was not a major writer yet in 1962, but he was on his way there.

See you next time.
Short Story Review: “Arcturus Times Three” by Jack Sharkey

July 8th, 2025

(Cover by Virgil Finlay. Galaxy, October 1961.)

Who Goes There?

In the history of genre SF there are many ships that pass in the night, never to be seen or heard from again, one of these being Jack Sharkey. Sharkey had made his debut at the tail end of the ’50s and wrote a pretty considerable amount of short fiction over the next half-dozen years. For reasons I’m not sure about, because we don’t know much about Sharkey, he more or less disappeared from the field after 1965. As far as I can make out writing SF was just a temporary side gig for him, which is strange since he was most active at a time when the US magazine market was at low tide, with the bubble having burst in the back end of the ’50s. Even the SF Encyclopedia doesn’t have much to say about him. Nearly every genre outlet at the time bought his stuff, though, which means he must’ve made some impression. He also had a series of short stories that caught my attention, about a “space zoologist” named Jerry Norcriss, at a time when zoology and generally the study of animal life were still rather novel in modern SF. “Arcturus Times Three” is the first entry in this series.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the October 1961 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction. It was reprinted in Uncollected Stars (ed. Piers Anthony, Martin H. Greenberg, Barry N. Malzberg, and Charles G. Waugh). The copyright ran out, so it’s on Project Gutenberg. Surprisingly there was never a book collecting all of the Jerry Norcriss stories.

Enhancing Image

By the year 2097, man has voyaged to the stars, going where no one has gone before, to seek out new life and new civilizations, yadda yadda. However, making first contact in-person with intelligent life has proven to be a hefty gamble, perhaps heavy enough that a scientific alternative was called for; that alternative is the Space Zoologist, making capital-C Contact with alien life via telepathic mind-link, in which the zoologist will spend forty minutes at minimum inside the mind of an alien creature, walking (or slithering, or swimming) around in that creature’s shoes, sharing their brain, with the creature and zoologist’s personalities having a tug-of-war over the body. The catch, of course, is that if the creature were to die in those forty minutes, the zoologist dies with them, their body being a mindless husk. Why is this so? Well, the real reason is that otherwise there would be no potential bodily harm for the zoologist and thus your story would become boring rather quickly. Meet Jerry Norcriss, thirty-year-old Space Zoologist as well as space lieutenant, IN SPAAAAAACE. The mission is to survey some local wildlife on Arcturus Three, although the exact reason for this is not given until the end, so best not to think about it. The point is to stick Jerry’s mind in the heads of three random lifeforms, which he will not know anything about in advance and who are very likely to die within those forty minutes. Sounds simple enough, right?

I have a few issues. One has to think the mortality rate for Space Zoologist must be ridiculous, to the point where it might be more costly than to have a survey team come down and bring the party to the aliens. It also doesn’t occur to any of these people that sending robots would be preferable; surely it was not a novel idea, in 1961, to use robotic probes instead of humans to explore hostile environments. But then we wouldn’t have a story. At the same time, wouldn’t it make sense for the space crew to figure out some way to, I dunno, figure out what kind of lifeform Jerry would be sharing a head with in advance. It’s a shame, because the idea is a neat one, which borders on transhumanism. As the narrator tells us, “A man who has been an animal has infinitely more knowledge of that animal than a man who has merely dissected one.” Jerry’s interest in alien biology goes to a point where he doesn’t relate much to his fellow humans, and what little we find out about his character in this story (I assume we learn more in future entries, but not that much given the episodic nature of the whole thing) is just about enough to make us relate to him. I mean fuck, I don’t like hanging out with people that much either. With that said, this is not a cerebral or personal story, but an old-fashioned scientific adventure of the sort that would become increasingly rare as the ’60s progressed—or so retrospective views on the genre’s history would have it seem. Evidently there was still a sizable audience for this sort of thing.

As for the animals that Jerry takes control of, there’s a bit of variety between the three of them (get it, because it’s like a pun with the title, Arcturus Three and there being three animals…), with the first being this weird centipede creature that’s connected to another animals via its tongue; then there’s the most compelling sequence, where Jerry’s in the body of a “lion-thing,” somewhere between a lion and a bear, with its cub. The lion-thing’s instinctive behavior turns out to be as much that of a lemming’s as a lion’s, including a tendency to eat things that are very not good for it. Not that Jerry would know until he finds his tummy hurts real bad, on account of not being able to survey the territory beforehand. LIKE THEY SHOULD’VE FUCKING DONE. The only reason he gets out of it in one piece is having to do with time dilation, or rather Sharkey has his thumb on the scales so as to make sure his hero gets out okay. (In fairness, time would work differently on another planet. You say forty minutes, but how much is forty minutes on a planet that has a different gravity and rotation from Earth’s?) It’s all in good fun. We even get some fully intelligent aliens thrown into the mix, although their role is tertiary enough that one is quick to forget about them. This is a story where the journey matters much more than the destination, although I’m not sure if the journey was worth it.

There Be Spoilers Here

The most interesting part of this whole thing for me was the ending, which, after some rather lightweight planetary adventuring, reckons with a serious problem—that being the problem of colonization and the ensuing (and inevitable) ecological damage. On top of his awkwardness around people, Jerry feels more than a hint of shame about contributing to what will be a protracted and brutal colonization effort, in which the aforementioned animals will be displaced or killed outright, yet he also feels powerless to do anything about what is ultimately a systemic issue. He loves his job, and yet he doesn’t like what it costs for life in the universe. As the narrator says, clearly reflecting Jerry’s (and probably Sharkey’s) feelings, “People always were puzzled about how a Space Zoologist could stand being a creature other than a human being. And Space Zoologists always were puzzled about how a human being could stand being part of that conquering race called man.” I wish the rest of the story had something like this degree of seriousness, but it’s too little and a bit too late.

A Step Farther Out

I sat around for a couple days trying to organize my thoughts on this, which when such a thing happens is either from too much or too little material; in the case of “Arcturus Times Three” it’s the latter. Sharkey’s a competent storyteller with a clear interest in a certain science, but given how long this story is (it’s a solid novelette), it’s not quite enough meat on its bones. The alien creatures Sharkey describes are neat enough, but I got this consistent and burdensome feeling of wanting more, on top of the fact that I was much slower about reading this than I should’ve been. If I’m taking several breaks during your story that I should’ve been able to read in an hour or so, then something is definitely missing.

See you next time.
Short Story Review: “Something Bright” by Zenna Henderson

July 4th, 2025

(Cover by Ed Emshwiller. Galaxy, February 1960.)

Who Goes There?

Our first ’60s Galaxy story for this retrospective is by someone who actually did not appear in Galaxy often. The last time I covered Zenna Henderson it was as part of a retrospective on F&SF, the magazine which seemed to be Henderson’s preferred outlet. Henderson made her debut in 1952, as part of a wave of female writers who would help shape ’50s SF as being a very different ball game from the previous decade—indeed also the decade to come after, since there wouldn’t be as many active female SFF writers in the ’60s. Henderson specialized in short fiction, and one reason she lost traction by the end of the ’60s is that she refused to change her tune with the market; her single “novel,” Pilgrimage: The Book of the People, is a fix-up. Given her day job as a schoolteacher, it makes sense that her fiction tends to focus on relationships between adults (specifically parents and teachers) and children, with children especially getting attention, which for the time was novel. SF at the time was, let’s say averse to understanding the day-to-day lives of children, but Henderson’s fiction was a major exception. Today’s story, “Something Bright,” is a standalone work (Henderson’s fiction can be split into two groups: standalone stories and those about “The People”) that I found a good deal more compelling than “Subcommittee,” the last Henderson story I reviewed. This is a good one, and it’s understandably one of her more reprinted stories.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the February 1960 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction. It was reprinted in The 6th Annual of the Year’s Best S-F (ed. Judith Merril), The Seventh Galaxy Reader (ed. Frederik Pohl), Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction (ed. Martin H. Greenberg, Joseph D. Olander, and Frederik Pohl), and the Henderson collections The Anything Box and Believing: The Other Stories of Zenna Henderson.

Enhancing Image

The exact year is not given, but right away we’re told that “Something Bright” takes place during “the Depression,” so probably anywhere between 1930 and 1935. Anna is an adult now, but she’s telling us about a strange thing that happened to her when she was eleven years old, living in a “court” that her family shared with an older couple, the Klevitys. Mr. Klevity isn’t around (in fact he doesn’t appear until the story’s end), but Mrs. Klevity is, especially whenever Anna’s mom has to go out for errands. Obviously there is something off about the Klevitys, not least because they somehow have fresh eggs every morning, in an economy where even eggs are treated as a delicacy. The SFnal twist is by itself easy to detect in advamce, to the point where it hardly even counts as a twist; but it’s what Henderson does around the twist that makes it a pretty good story. As such I’m gonna work on the assumption that you, the reader, have already figured out that the Klevitys are aliens in disguise, become come on, we’re all adults here, and the fact that Henderson waits until the back end to confirm our suspicions is merely a formality. This is a story about childhood and memory, far more than it is a story about aliens, yet the SFnal element is integral to its makeup. Both in style and substance it would strike the average reader as “literary”—except for the part about the aliens, of course.

The key ingredient that elevates “Something Bright” is the sense that while it is not autobiographical at face value, there is the strong sense that Henderson is writing about personal experiences that she herself probably had first-hand knowledge of. I’m not sure how much Henderson and Anna share in terms of personality, but we do know that they both spent at least some of their formative years during the Depression, and incidentally each is an older child in a family with five kids. When Henderson/Anna asks at the beginning, “Do you remember the Depression?” she’s being at least partly rhetorical: she absolutely does remember. Despite being only about a dozen pages, the setting is vividly set, with Anna lamenting being the eldest of five kids in a home that amounted to two rooms, in which nobody had any privacy, least of all her mother. We’re not told directly what happened with Anna’s dad, that I can recall anyway, but at one point it’s implied he either went off in search of work or abandoned the family outright. Anna’s mom is effectively a single parent, but that’s where Mrs. Klevity comes in. It would have been commonplace, during the Depression, for kids to either be left to fend for themselves much of the time or to be kept under watch by multiple people who were not their biological parents—out of economic necessity more than anything. You may remember in To Kill a Mockingbird that Scout and her brother Jem are left to their own devices for way longer than what would nowadays be considered a good idea, on account of their single dad only being able to do so much.

“Something Bright” must’ve struck a cord at the time, on account of being reprinted multiple times within just a few years, but it also speaks to today’s post-COVID environment. The economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic is, along with the housing market crash of 2008, the closest we have to a modern-day analog to the Great Depression. These are times in which the machinery of capitalism comes almost to a grinding halt, in which the system “failed” (but, on the other hand, if we’re to take capitalism as a system that works to benefit a rich minority at the expense of the majority, then it more or less kept working as intended), and in which even the nuclear family as a viable model for child care seemed on the brink of becoming a thing of the past. Ironically the nuclear family, which conservatives love to hold up as being traditional and “natural,” has, for practical reasons, been in fact a fairly modern phenomenon. The idea that two parents would take care of their own biological kids was unviable for many during the Depression, during which you’d be lucky if even one of your parents had a steady job, and said job was unlikely to both pay the bills and feed everyone. Thus in this story we’re given a depiction of a nontraditional family setup, in which the father figure is absent and so Anna and her siblings are left with at least one adult figure in their lives who is a constant and yet is not related to them. Mrs. Klevity sticks out in Anna’s memory not just for her strangeness and her conspicuous and yet unexplained ability to provide for both herself and her husband (Anna points out that the Klevitys have three rooms to themselves, compared to Anna’s two), but also the fact that she at least temporarily acted as a surrogate parent.

There Be Spoilers Here

The back end of “Something Bright” takes a turn towards horror, although it doesn’t quite go there, because it turns out Anna is not in any real danger. Her first encounter with Mrs. Klevity without the disguise, which she hears but does not see, is genuinely chilling, not to mention an unexpected bit of restraint of Henderson’s part. We figured in advance that the Klevitys were not strictly speaking human, but how this reveal is made is what makes the twist memorable despite its predictability. That Anna ultimately helps Mrs. Klevity and her husband (who only shows up at the end to find that his wife has flown the coop, so to speak) go back to wherever it is they came from, and gets something material out of it (the Klevitys leave behind their half of the court and bestow it to Anna’s family, in a thank-you note), makes for a pretty upbeat conclusion. Yet despite it being a happy ending, there’s still a strong eeriness about the whole thing, as if Anna, who is telling us this story many years after the fact, is trying to explain some peculiar childhood trauma that had happened to her. I have to wonder what the context could be that Anna is telling this story to us, since this is not the kind of thing you’d tell to just anyone, but this is a quibble. Then again, when you’re looking back on childhood memories, the line between what really happened and one’s own imagination can be hard to separate. I barely remember my own childhood, as an autistic person who also dissociated a lot, to the point where a lot of what I “remember” might not have actually happened. Our own histories become stranger and more disconnected as time passes, to where they no longer seem real to us.

A Step Farther Out

Henderson working with children as part of her day job is very much reflected here, as it captures a genuineness about childhood experience that very few SF stories at the time had even attempted. The twist is obvious, to the point where I don’t even count it as a spoiler really, but the twist is not why we’re here. When I read “Subcommittee” I was ambivalent about its glorifying of the nuclear family, which probably did not read as old-hat in the early ’60s but which now reads as stuffy and too old-fashioned; but “Something Bright” shows us an alternative family dynamic and doesn’t do anything to demonize it. It also helps that Anna is a likable narrator who relates her past experiences such that you get a vivid impression of what her childhood was like, even if you didn’t (and indeed most people in the US don’t now) go through exactly what she did. I recommend it! It’s very good proto-feminist pew-New Wave SF.

See you next time.
Things Beyond: July 2025

July 1st, 2025
(Cover by John Pederson, Jr. Galaxy, October 1965.)

As far as I can tell there’s no book dedicated to the history of Galaxy Science Fiction, although we do have several books that delve into this magazine’s strange history to one degree or other. The best that I’ve read myself would probably be Frederik Pohl’s The Way the Future Was, in which Pohl’s gives us some insight into working as a writer, an agent, and eventually an editor. H. L. Gold edited Galaxy for about a decade, but a car accident that left him in a good deal of physical pain incentivized someone taking over Galaxy and If (Gold was also editor of the latter, briefly). Pohl was already acting as Gold’s assistant by the end of 1960, but by the end of 1961 Pohl had emerged as editor of Galaxy in both name and function. While they had originally started as competitors, Galaxy and If became sister magazines, housed under the same publisher, and Pohl had control of both for most of the ’60s. Despite publishing quite a few award-winning stories during this time, Galaxy never again won the Hugo for Best Professional Magazine, and when Pohl did win three back-to-back Hugos for that category it was for his work on If. Despite initially having the reputation of being Galaxy‘s lesser and trashier sister, If amassed a more devoted following during this decade, somewhat to Galaxy‘s detriment.

I’ll be honest and say that I toyed with what stories I would be covering this month up until the very last minute (that is to say today), not because Galaxy wasn’t publishing enough worthy material during the ’60s, but because it was indeed such a strange time for the magazine. Galaxy under Gold had, for better or worse, a rather strong identity, with a stable of authors associated with it; but Pohl’s Galaxy is harder to define, its material having less of an emphasis on sociological and psychological SF and more being geared towards adventure fiction. There’s something oddly retrograde about Galaxy (even more so with If) under Pohl, not helped by Pohl himself being a vocal critic of the New Wave. This is a bit ironic considering Pohl was politically progressive and rather keen-eyed when it came to making observations on the goods and bads of the industry.

At the end of the ’60s there was another changing of the guard, with Pohl stepping out of both Galaxy and If, indeed leaving magazine-editing altogether, to focus on writing fiction again. Ejler Jakobsson, a Finnish immigrant who was actually nearly a decade older than Pohl and who had been working in the field for about as long, took over both magazines. I’m not covering anything from Jakobbson’s tenure this month; for that we’ll have to wait until October, when I tackle the ’70s. As for what I’m tackling this month, I intentionally decided to go for a roster of authors that is a bit less star-studded than when I covered the ’50s. We’re reaching for deeper cuts, for the most part, although whether this pays off is something only future me will know about.

Now, as for the stories:
1. “Something Bright” by Zenna Henderson. From the February 1960 issue. I’ve covered Henderson before, and while I wasn’t impressed with “Subcommittee” I’m always willing to give any author another try. What’s curious is to see Henderson out of her natural habitat, since she contributed far more prolifically to F&SF, whose lightness of scientific rigor probably appealed to her more.
2. “Arcturus Times Three” by Jack Sharkey. From the October 1961 issue. Sharkey debuted in 1959 and wrote basically nonstop for every outlet that would have him until the second half of the ’60s, by which point he seemed to vanish from the face of the earth. The closest I can find to a reason as to why this happened is that Sharkey was more a playwright who treated writing SFF as a side gig.
3. “Sodom and Gomorrah, Texas” by R. A. Lafferty. From the December 1962 issue. People tend to overlook Lafferty’s pre-New Wave years, which is funny because what early Lafferty I’ve read is still in keeping with his more famous (or infamous) material. Despite being a devout Catholic and politically conservative, Lafferty fit right in with the likes of Harlan Ellison and Kate Wilhelm.
4. “Think Blue, Count Two” by Cordwainer Smith. From the February 1963 issue. Speaking of authors who very much influenced the New Wave despite differing politics, Cordwainer Smith is the pseudonym of Paul Linebarger, who had US government connections as well as an admiration for Chiang Kai-shek. This didn’t stop him from being one of the most unique SF writers of his day.
5. “The Rules of the Road” by Norman Spinrad. From the December 1964 issue. People most recognize Spinrad not for any one of his stories or novels, but for having written “The Doomsday Machine,” one of the more memorable Star Trek episodes. He debuted in 1963, just in time to hit his stride when the New Wave came around, even appearing in Dangerous Visions a few years later.
6. “Shall We Have a Little Talk?” by Robert Sheckley. From the October 1965 issue. Sheckley was most prolific during the ’50s, and while he didn’t make his debut in Galaxy he still became heavily associated with that magazine. It’s easy to pigeonhole Sheckley as someone who only seems to write ironic social satire, which is understandable given he wrote so much of it early in his career.
7. “The Body Builders” by Keith Laumer. From the August 1966 issue. Like Sharkey, Laumer debuted in 1959 and became a somewhat popular figure during the ’60s, although unlike Sharkey we know why Laumer’s career declined afterward. Laumer suffered a stroke in 1971, and while he recovered somewhat he apparently never wrote as well or as prolifically as during his golden years.
8. “Eeeetz Ch” by H. H. Hollis. From the November 1968 issue. Hollis was a pseudonym for Ben Neal Ramey, who presumably took on the name so as to separate his SF writing from his day job as a lawyer. I’ve never read any Hollis before, not that he wrote much. The study of cetaceans really took off in the ’60s, hence this story.
9. “The Weather on Welladay” by Anne McCaffrey. From the March 1969 issue. We have another story revolving around cetaceans, but unlike Hollis I am actually familiar with McCaffrey’s game. By the end of the ’60s McCaffrey had emerged as one of the most popular writers in the field, with her Pern and much smaller Ship series amassing followings, although I’m not really a fan of either.
Won’t you read with me?
Novella Review: “Undergrowth” by Brian W. Aldiss

June 28th, 2025

(Cover by Ed Emshwiller. F&SF, July 1961.)

Who Goes There?

Brian Aldiss is what the SF Encyclopedia calls a leading “man of letters” in the field, which is to say he’s adept at both fiction and nonfiction, being one of the field’s great jack-of-all-trades writers. He won a Hugo for the stories comprising Hothouse (strangely as a series of short stories and not for the novel version), but he also won a Hugo for the hefty nonfiction book Trillion Year Spree (co-authored with David Wingrove), which is an opinionated overview of genre SF history, and which is itself a revamped version of the earlier Billion Year Spree. Aldiss had a combative personality and whereas authors nowadays, being their own PR staff, are incentivized to play nice with fellow authors in public, Aldiss made no secret of how he felt about his peers. He debuted a whole decade before the New Wave kicked off, but fit right in with that movement, being probably more influenced by William S. Burroughs than Edgar Rice Burroughs. In other words, despite being born in 1925 and debuting in the ’50s, Aldiss’s fiction can come off as pretty literary—sometimes a little too literary. I’ve been trudging through the Hothouse stories for the past several months, and now it’s time to tackle the third and longest story so far. Mind you that I don’t have a great deal to say about “Undergrowth,” so bear with me.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the July 1961 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It has never been reprinted on its own, which makes sense since it’s the third entry in a series.

Enhancing Image

I actually didn’t know it had already been what, seven months since I reviewed “Nomansland”? It’s been way longer than I had assumed. Granted, these stories are similar enough to each other that to write about them in quick succession would’ve been a chore for me. The Hothouse series can be considered a picaresque of sorts, in which a young person (Gren) goes off on a series of adventures in the name of self-discovery. It becomes apparent by the end of “Nomansland” that Gren is to be our main character throughout the series, and that conversely anyone not named Gren can expect to have a short life and a brutal death. The beginning of “Undergrowth” briefly recaps what happened in the previous story, although I have to assume this opening passage is removed for the novel version since it would certainly strike the reader as redundant. These stories make up a serial in all but name, albeit published a couple months apart at somewhat irregular intervals. It would be necessary to remind the reader of what the fuck is happening, especially since the world Aldiss establishes is so multifaceted, so this recap bit was the best he could’ve done. Gren and his companion Poyly are exiled from their small group of humans and, just when it seems all hope is lost, they come across the morels, a race of sentient fungi that communicate telepathically with the host in a symbiotic relationship. Gren and Poyly get some free hats and head off, out of what is clearly an homage to Eden, with their talking fungus buddies on their heads.

Each story in Hothouse leans into a different subgenre, or so it seems. Generally I would call it science-fantasy, in that while it’s ostensibly SF it so brazenly goes against known laws of physics and biology that it’s clear Aldiss did not intend the world of Hothouse to be an extrapolation of our world, or indeed our universe. In “Hothouse” we’re introduced to mankind in a world where mankind has been relegated to the bottom of the food chain, wherein bugs and carnivorous vegetation have long since taken the top spot. The result is a kind of pseudo-documentary, or rather pseudo-nonfiction, being about as much a sociological study as it is adventure fiction. “Nomansland” downplays the sociological aspect and zooms in to focus on Gren, a teen boy among a group of people who are even younger and dumber than he is; and, more strangely, “Nomansland” has a gothic horror angle, complete with a dark castle built by termites (sorry, termights). Now that we’ve met the morels, one of whom becomes Gren’s headmate so that he always has someone to talk to, the series switches gears yet again. This time it becomes more like a “lost race” adventure of the sort that was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We’re introduced to the herders, a tribe of humans who live in a congealed lava pit and fear what they call the Black Mouth. One of these herders, Yattmur, serves as Gren and Poyly’s guide to the tribe’s ways and later as a companion. We’re given insight into Gren’s thought processes, but not so with Poyly and Yattmur, the result being that we’re stuck in the male protagonist’s shoes whilst only the female characters’ actions are known to us. I would have very little to tell you about Poyly as a person; she spends much of her time being a load despite having a morel like Gren, which should have granted her more intelligence.

The first revelation to come in this story is that the morels and mankind have a shared history that goes back centuries, indeed back to when mankind was a young fledgling species. This seems to be an alternate reality in which mankind’s evolutionary history is inextricably connected with morels, the latter being like beacons of intelligence but without bodies of their own to command. The central conflict of Hothouse can be considered to be one between thought and action, or rather the tug-of-war between humanity’s capacity for unique thought and our place as animals. In “Hothouse” the humans we read about are little more than animals you’d find in a zoo, having rituals and ways of communicating, but without anything that you would call civilization and without that Shakespearean capacity for interiority. These people do not have thoughts by default; it’s only with the morels that they’re able to recapture what was once a common human ability, which is the ability to think. Or rather Gren’s ability to think. Conversely the other humans they meet, namely the herders and later the Fishers (the latter being a tribe of cowardly people who have tails, these tails in fact being connected with a parasitic tree), who act much in the way Gren’s tribe had acted before Gren got his funny fungus on his head. This is a story about discovering intelligence in a world that is overwhelmingly based in instinct, as in being opposed to intelligence. That Aldiss is interested in a boy gaining this intelligence but is not so interested in the women (well, they’re young girls) Gren meets is a blotch on what is otherwise clearly the work of someone who knows what he’s doing.

There Be Spoilers Here

Once Gren’s freed the Fishers of their parasites, he becomes their new leader, and by extension he also leads Poyly and Yattmur. The back end of “Undergrowth” takes the form of a seafaring adventure, in which at one point Poyly accidentally gets thrown overboard and drowns. It’s a scene that’s striking for its brevity and its sheer violence, as Aldiss kills Poyly off about as sadistically as any other character thus far, but we also get the most memorable line from this story, coming from Gren’s morel: “Half of me is dead.” It’s the one moment in “Undergrowth” where loss as humans experience it is experienced, and Gren isn’t even the one who most profoundly expresses this sense of loss. But that’s okay, since it’s implied that Yattmur will replace Poyly as Gren’s girlfriend, given enough time. On the one hand I appreciate that Aldiss is willing to kill anybody for the right effect, and in keeping with the savagery of the world he has created, but also fridging Poyly like this is a bit concerning in the context of a narrative that treats women as accessories.

A Step Farther Out

Hopefully it won’t take me as long to tackle the next story in the series, although I can’t guarantee anything. It took me a whole week to hunker down and write anything more substantive than a paragraph for this site, and it took some locking-in to do so. I’ve recently come to feel resentful of what I so, this being supposedly a hobby. Ya know, something to take the edge off, for when I’m not working. But Aldiss is not someone you read casually; he’s more intellectual than most of his peers and he wants you to know this. The Hothouse stories were evidently big hits with American readers, but while they do focus more on adventure, with a good deal of violence thrown in, Aldiss is not half-assing it.

See you next time.
Short Story Review: “When I Was Miss Dow” by Sonya Dorman

June 21st, 2025

(Cover by Gray Morrow. Galaxy, June 1966.)

Who Goes There?

Despite living to quite an old age, Sonya Dorman only wrote a couple dozen SF stories, probably because she was more a poet than a writer of short fiction. She appeared in the pre-New Wave ’60s when she was pushing forty, so for those of you who are unsure about trying your luck as a writer at such-and-such an age, don’t be. She was one of the few women to appear in Dangerous Visions, with the story “Go, Go, Go, Said the Bird,” although by far her most reprinted story is “When I Was Miss Dow.” Now, I have read “When I Was Miss Dow” before, and I know I have because it’s in one of the below-mentioned anthologies I’ve read from cover to cover; but if you pointed a gun to my head and told me to recap the plot of this story prior to rereading it, you would have blood on your hands. I was originally gonna review a different Dorman story, “Journey,” but upon reading it one-and-a-half times I found a problem: I had basically nothing to say about it. On the other hand, a reread of “When I Was Miss Dow” was certainly in order, and given that a decent amount has been written about it already, I figured I should throw my hat into the ring. Why not.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the June 1966 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction. It has been reprinted in Nebula Award Stories Number Two (ed. Brian Aldiss and Harry Harrison), SF 12 (ed. Judith Merril), Women of Wonder (ed. Pamela Sargent), The Norton Book of Science Fiction: North American Science Fiction, 1960-1990 (ed. Brian Attebery and Ursula K. Le Guin), and The Future Is Female!: 25 Classic Science Fiction Stories by Women, From Pulp Pioneers to Ursula K. Le Guin (ed. Lisa Yaszek).

Enhancing Image

When I read “Journey” I found myself stuck between a rock and a hard place for a couple days because, frankly, I didn’t know what I could say about it that would justify a whole review around it. Thankfully “When I Was Miss Dow” does not have this issue, being a brief but compact and multifaceted short story that has a few layers to it; that it came pretty close to getting a Nebula nomination is understandable, and actually given that only three stories made the cut that year (not sure why there were so few nominees), some extra space certainly could’ve been made for it. What is the plot, then? Humans have come to some remote planet to form a colony, encountering a sentient race that already lives there—the problem being that said race is a bunch of blobs, single-sexed (apparently all male), and also single-lobed, which is a strange detail. The narrator, who does not have a name, is a young scholar among his people who is given an assignment by his Uncle (with a capital U) and the “Warden of Mines and Seeds” to go undercover as a human woman by the name of Martha Dow. These blobs are not only quite intelligent but also Protean, able to morph into just about any shape one can imagine, which includes mimicking not only the look but even the internal organs of a human being. As Martha Dow the narrator is to work as an assistant to Dr. Arnold Proctor, a gruff middle-aged man and the human colony’s lead biologist. This is the narrator’s first time mimicking a human, which means first time mimicking the human brain’s two lobes. I’m sure that nothing dramatic will happen here.

For being present in only one short story which itself only runs about a dozen pages, the aliens in “When I Was Miss Dow” are lovingly realized. There are few cases, even during the New Wave ’60s, of alien races which are about as intelligent as humans and yet decidedly not humanoid, yet Dorman’s aliens are of a rare sort. Within those dozen pages we’re enlightened as to where they live, how they live, how they reproduce (or rather, how they do not), what social relations they have, what they do for leisure, and of course, how they think. The narrator, who henceforth I’ll refer to as Dow, is used to taking on the likenesses of others, but there’s something very different about this assignment, as it takes little time for the narrator and Dow’s personalities to start merging. This is obviously a story about gender and identity, which for SF in 1966 is actually a novelty; not that it was the first to ever explore these issues from an implicitly feminist perspective, but that its observations on gender and its relationship with one’s self-perception still read as true to the human condition. A lot of stories from the era, and indeed for a while after, that explore gender do so in ways that now read as dated, be it in ways that are misogynistic and/or transphobic. “When I Was Miss Dow” basically doesn’t have this issue. The narrator’s identity crisis is implied to sprout from mimicking Martha Dow’s second lobe, in which the two personalities have a silent tug-of-war match, but other than that the crisis comes down to psychology rather than biology. The biological essentialism that much old-school genderqueer fiction runs into is more or less absent here, as this is ultimately a character study about a “he” who finds that he may not be strictly a “he” after all, but perhaps genderfluid. By using a Protean alien as her case study, Dorman seems to be arguing that gender itself is Protean, in that it is not necessarily fixed in place.

Let’s talk about sexual orientation. Since the aliens seem to reproduce asexually, they aren’t heterosexual or homosexual (or even bisexual) by default, but instead their orientation seems to be influenced by the biological makeup of the beings they mimic. (This is mostly just speculation on my part, so don’t take my word for it.) Dow makes no mention of finding anyone of any sexuality attractive beforehand, but once they meet Dr. Proctor they become smitten with him rather quickly—an attraction that Dr. Proctor is about as quick to reciprocate. Dow, outside of the Martha Dow personality, is male, yet takes on the form of a human woman. Does Dow-the-alien, who is male, find Proctor attractive, or is that more the work of Dow-the-human? It would be hard to argue that this is not in some way a queer romance, although Proctor is blissfully unaware that the woman he’s become smitten with is actually a slimy alien in disguise. Dow themself is unsure about which side of their brain has more power, yet funnily enough they do not question if their attraction to Proctor would be considered gay or straight, or even if it’s taboo somehow. The real problem is that Dow doesn’t know how much control they have over themself, even down to their own thoughts. “I’m suffering from eclipses: one goes dark, the other lights up, that one goes dark, the other goes nova.” I should probably also mention that the prose here is stylish without becoming overbearing, such that it makes sense that Dow normally works as a scholar. There’s a sense of controlled expertise with the English language, which also makes sense since, as you may recall, Dorman seemed to think of herself as more of a poet. There’s a poet’s sensibility about “When I Was Miss Dow” that, unusually for the New Wave era, is balanced by a genuinely compelling narrative.

I do have a couple quibbles, because there is no such thing as a perfect story. (Just to prove my point, Herman Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener” is pretty close to a perfect short story, although I always felt like that last scene at the very end was unnecessary.) For one, it’s awfully convenient that the planet the humans have landed on is pretty Earth-like, and also that the aliens have no issue learning human language. There’s an indigenous animal called a koota that may as well be somewhere between a dog and a horse; we’re only given scant descriptions of it, and I must confess I didn’t find the relationship Dow has with their aging koota to be that compelling. Dorman is of course drawing a parallel between the old koota’s fixed biology and Dow’s ability to shapeshift, along with the fact that Proctor himself is visibly aging; it’s not a subtle parallel, in a story that otherwise thrives on subtlety. I’m also not sure about Proctor having a relationship with Dow, since despite Dow called him a man of “perfect integrity” I’m pretty sure it would be considered sexual harassment (or at least morally dubious) for someone in Proctor’s position to have a romantic/sexual relationship with his assistant. The Warden gives Dow shit over the relationship, but more because of the lack of professionalism on Dow’s part than anything. I gotta tell ya, work culture has changed over the past sixty years.

There Be Spoilers Here

As Dow and Proctor’s relationship progresses, and as the latter teaches the former more about how to live as a human (although he isn’t aware of this), Dow becomes more detached from their original personality. The Martha Dow personality has taken such a strong hold that the narrator feels they might not ever be able to go back. They have long since taken to called Proctor “Arnie” rather than his last or even his first name. They like things as they are a little too much. “If I’m damaged or dead, you’ll put me into the cell banks, and you’ll be amazed, astonished, terrified, to discover that I come out complete, all Martha. I can’t be changed.” Of course, everything has to come to an end. Proctor dies one night, apparently from a heart attack. Natural causes. These things happen. Dow’s way of life is over. She tried bargaining for Proctor to be somehow resurrected with the aliens’ pattern-making chambers, but it’s not possible, and anyway even if it was the higher-ups wouldn’t approve of it. The Warden, who was due for “conjunction” (the aliens’ cycle of death and rebirth) anyway, “dies” and comes out a nephew. At the end, after everything that could be done had been, the narrator reflects that every lifeform, from the humans to the kootas to their own race, has such a cycle of death and rebirth. The narrator lets go of the Dow personality and reverts to their original state, but it’s ambiguous if they’ve totally shaken off what had been, if only temporarily, part of themself. As they say, “I’m becoming somber, and a brilliant student.” What they feel at the end could be considered gender dysphoria, with the reverting to their original state as being analogous to detransitioning. The sad part is that if we are really meant to take the narrator letting go of the Martha identity as detransitioning, then it was clearly a choice not made of their own volition; if they could they would probably stay in that form forever. Martha Dow was a part of them, but they couldn’t keep her.

A Step Farther Out

I didn’t like “Journey” very much partly because I felt like it didn’t give me much to chew on, but also I don’t think it worked as science fiction. Good SF, or at least what Theodore Sturgeon considered good SF (and Sturgeon, like Dorman, had a poet’s gentleness), should present an SFnal problem with a human solution. “Journey” could just as easily have been written as a Western (although the market for literary Westerns basically did not exist in the ’70s), but “When I Was Miss Dow” cannot work as anything other than science fiction. It has some big ideas but is also prone to introspection. It’s, simply put, one of the best SF short stories of the ’60s, and unlike some other favorites of mine from that era I don’t feel the need to put a “this is a bit problematic or outdated” asterisk next to it. I don’t know why it just went in one ear and out the other for me the first time I read it, that was my bad. Please check this one out.

See you next time.
Serial Review: Doorways in the Sand by Roger Zelazny (Part 3/3)

June 17th, 2025

(Cover by Andrei Sokolov. Analog, August 1975.)

The Story So Far

Fred Cassidy has been going to college for the past 13 years and has not gotten a degree yet, because he doesn’t want one. He’s been exploiting a loophole in his uncle’s will, which says that he’s to mooch off an allowance until he gets his degree. Well. Aside from his latest academic adviser pushing him out the door, he has a much bigger problem on his hands, which is that a precious alien artifact called the star-stone has gone missing, and Fred’s the only person who can get it back. Why? Because Fred and his former roommate, Hal, had a replica of the stone, which through a convoluted series of events involving Paul Byler, Fred’s former geology professor, had gotten swapped out with the real thing. Multiple parties want the stone, including a much-angered Paul, a couple of hired goons, and some interplanetary alien cops. Mind you that these aliens are not all of the same race, but rather are members of a coalition of intelligent races that came into contact with humanity and made a deal with us. As part of a non-aggression deal the alien coalition had given the UN a couple artifact, including the stone, while the UN handed over the genuine Mona Lisa and the British Crown Jewels. Of course, since the stone’s gone missing, said non-aggression deal threatens to go down the shitter. Fred finds allies in two alien cops named Ragma and Charv, whom we first meet disguised as mammals out of the Australian outback. There’s another still-friendly but less useful alien in disguise named Sibla, who tries probing Fred’s mind but has a hard time doing so, on account of Fred being drunk. Getting plastered is useful for when you’re up against possibly nefarious telepaths.

Another ally of Fred’s is a mysterious voice that communicates with him inside his head, but only when he’s drunk; on the one hand this might be an elaborate hallucination, but also the presence is coming from somewhere. The presence advises Fred to get a hold of the Rhennius machine, which is the other artifact the alien coalition had given to humanity. Activating the Rhennius machine has something to do with the presence and may be a clue to getting the star-stone. Fred runs into Merimee, an eccentric scientist (like Paul) who’s also an old buddy of Fred’s uncle’s. Turns out the Rhennius machine reverses one’s perceptions, including sight and even taste. Signs appear to be written backward (a neat little typographical trick on Zelazny’s part) and what tasted good before now tastes bad (and vice versa). In what now must seem like a permanent stupor, ironically relieved by drinking copious amounts of alcohol, Fred crashes at Hal’s place after the latter confesses to having a spat with his wife Mary. The problem, the two lads find out, is that Mary has been kidnapped by the aforementioned hired goons. The second installment with a threeway confrontation between Fred/Hal, the goons, and Paul, who has shown up with an agenda of his own. Mary, for someone who probably has little to no idea what’s going on, is taking this all rather well. Meanwhile, Fred takes a bullet to the chest for his troubles, so how he survives this is a good question.

Enhancing Image

When I finished this novel I thought of it as being Zelazny’s beer-and-wine novel, because of how much drinking there is; but at the same time it should be mentioned that there’s ultimately as much casual smoking here as in other ’60s and ’70s Zelazny works. (He eventually quit smoking, but up until the ’80s Zelazny seemed to share the popular French view on smoking.) Doorways in the Sand is less intellectual than some earlier Zelazny novels, and indeed comes off as less sober, not helped by us being stuck in Fred’s shoes the whole time—yes, even during the recap sections. This is the kind of book you would read to see the New Wave’s influence on SF writing in a less demanding and less serious mode. The irony is that because it’s less serious than, say, the average Robert Silverberg novel from around the same time, this novel has aged better than most of its peers. The comedy is of an old-school slapstick sort, including the occasional pun; and while there’s a bit of language, there isn’t much of it, not to mention that there’s also very little in the way of sex stuff, which otherwise reared its head a little too often in novels from the ’70s. Even for 1975 the conceit of the plot is rather old-fashioned, but it’s heightened by Zelazny’s sense of humor and his playing with typography and perspective. Also helping is Fred being one of Zelazny’s more charming protagonists, admittedly having to compete with some of the more insufferable and egotistical protagonists in New Wave-era SF. Fred is a lazy bum who wants to mooch off his uncle’s allowance forever, but at the same time he likes to have fun and he’s not in favor of rubbing his education in people’s faces.

Now as to how Fred survived the end of the last installment, the explanation is basically this: his heart wasn’t in the right place. He was shot in what would have been his heart, but it had accidentally missed. What’s no less miraculous is that not only does Fred survive but he seems to have acquired Wolverine healing powers, since the gaping wound in his chest has healed itself in beyond record time. This has to do with the Rhennius machine, but it also has to do with the stone and where it is. The big twist of the novel is twofold: that the stone is actually sentient, and that it’s been lurking inside Fred during the events of the novel as a symbiote. The star-stone, also called Speicus, is like an organic computer that processes information, hence its ability to communicate with Fred. As to how Fred got the stone inside him in the first place, it has to do with a party and—you guessed it—a little too much drinking. Fred’s only able to recall this happening at all while under a mix of interrogation and the star-stone being “turned on,” (in context it’s one of Zelazny’s classic puns) because he was almost dead drunk at the time. The stone is a benign parasite whose livelihood depends on its host also being alive, hence its working to protect Fred. Bit of a deus ex machina for how Fred is able to survive everything that’s happened to him, but I would mind if it more if it was a more serious story, but thankfully Doorways in the Sand is not a very serious novel. We’re talking about a novel where a guy with a fetish for climbing heights (I’m not kidding) has been getting by as a college undergrad for 13 years because his uncle’s in cold sleep—that is, until said uncle returns from his nap in this installment.

This is a novel about finding an important dingus, but it’s also a novel about education. Doorways in the Sand is not a bildungsroman, namely because Fred is an adult (he’s about thirty years old), but this is still ultimately about a man’s education. Fred is so determined to be a student forever that he almost quite literally has to have his degree (it’s actually a PhD and not a bachelor’s degree, the college finding a loophole to give him a degree without having him properly graduate) and a job handed to him. If this novel is about anything (granted that it certainly is not About Something™, in that it does not ask serious questions or make observations about the human condition), it’s about knocking down the wall between what we think of as “education,” which is really an institution separated from the outside world, and of course said outside world. Fred has to gain some real-world experience in an unusually hard way, which involved nearly getting killed a few times (as I said in a previous installment review, Fred fulfills one of the classic detective tropes by getting the shit beaten out of him), but ultimately this trial-by-combat worked out for him. He has a PhD and a job with the UN, and as he says close to the novel’s end, “The fool delivered the final blow.” Fittingly for a comic novel, the “fool” comes out on top. On a totally surface level, like how one might enjoy gourmet chocolate (just watch those calories), this is one of Zelazny’s most satisfying novels.

A Step Farther Out

In his review of Doorways in the Sand, Spider Robinson expressed mild disappointment with what was then Zelazny’s latest novel while also acknowledging that it was quite good—had nearly anyone else’s name been attached to it. After Zelazny’s run of winning awards and critical appraisal left and right in the ’60s, the ’70s were shakier ground for him, partly because of his Amber series, but also, following the burning-out of the New Wave movement in the early ’70s, Zelazny’s SF no longer seemed so impressive. It’s a shame, because when taken as the somewhat unserious novel that it is, Doorways in the Sand is quite fun. Zelazny himself was fond of it, and if you’re looking for a zany and fast-moving SF-detective novel then it’s easy to see his fondness for it.

See you next time.
Novella Review: “Fool to Believe” by Pat Cadigan

June 13th, 2025

(Cover by Hisaki Yasuda. Asimov’s, February 1990.)

Who Goes There?

Pat Cadigan is one of the most important writers behind the cyberpunk movement in the ’80s and early ’90s, although she doesn’t come up in conversation nearly as often as William Gibson or Bruce Sterling, probably because she’s more adept at short lengths than as a novelist. She actually made her debut a good bit before her rise to prominence in the ’80s, being an editor for one issue of the sword-and-sorcery magazine Chacal, as well as the SFF magazine Shayol. Speaking of Gibson, one strange way the two have crossed paths is that Cadigan wrote a novelization of Alien 3—not the film or the film’s script, but Gibson’s script which had gone unused, in the midst of that movie’s notoriously troubled production. She has written several film novelizations over the years, including, of all things, a novelization of Jason X. But it’s her association with cyberpunk that has secured her legacy. She even edited one of the better anthologies focused on the movement, The Ultimate Cyberpunk. “Fool to Believe” itself would serve as the germ for Cadigan’s 1992 novel Fools, although she had written the former first with the initial intent of it being a standalone story.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the February 1990 issue of Asimov’s Science Fiction. “Fool to Believe” has never appeared in book form, possibly because Fools has rendered it obsolete; unfortunately Fools itself is very much out of print, so neither is all that accessible.

Enhancing Image

Sorry for the wait, but I decided to take a bit of a mini-vacation from working on this site. I was feeling burnt out a little, although I have to admit it doesn’t help that “Fool to Believe” is a vast and nigh-indecipherable story which uses its length to good effect. It’s easily the longest Cadigan story I’ve read so far, and aside from “Pretty Boy Crossover” it’s the straightest example of cyberpunk coming from her that I’ve read. Apparently “Fool to Believe” (and by extension Fools) is set in the same continuity as Cadigan’s first novel, Mindplayers, although while Gardner Dozois’s introduction says this, ISFDB does not acknowledge the two as being in the same series. Maybe somebody should get on that? This is a detective story, which is unsurprising given that cyberpunk is basically the bastard child of science fiction and detective fiction. When you read Neuromancer you’re seeing Raymond Chandler’s influence at work, including a propensity for murky plotting. I’m gonna be upfront and say I barely understood what the fuck was happening in “Fool to Believe,” it being the kind of story one really ought to read twice, and unfortunately I was only able to get through it once. If I had my physical copy of this issue of Asimov’s on me I might’ve been able to do a second reading, but most of my SFF magazines are still at my parents’ house. Oh well. Cadigan is hunting intellectual big game and she crams a lot (maybe too much) into sixty magazine pages. I can see why she decided at some point to expand the thing into a novel.

What is the plot? Or rather, what is the premise? This is a murder mystery, of sorts, although a murder strictly speaking hasn’t happened. An up-and-coming actor named Sovay has had his mind wiped, his body technically alive but now a hollowed-out shell that will probably get refitted with a new personality. Personalities mean about as much as bodies in this future, wherein on top of the usual organ transplants you also have personality transplants—sometimes voluntarily, but sometimes not. There’s the regular police, but then there’s the Brain Police, having been founded to deal with such crimes as the involuntary wiping of people’s brains. (In one of the more unsettling little touches of how the Brain Police work, they remove the hollowed-out Sovay’s eyeballs, since apparently people change eyes in this world almost like one would change shoes, and linking and wiping minds is done via the optic nerve.) The mystery then is who wiped Sovay’s mind and who bought his personality.

As Mersine explains:

The involuntary mindwipe—mindsuck—is just as gone, except the trappings of a live body remain to confound the survivors. A mindsuck is interred not in a grave but in a special quarantine to allow the development of a new mind and personality. Sometimes the new person is a lot like the old one. Most of the time, however, it’s only spottily reminiscent of the person that had been, as though the suck had freed an auxiliary person that had always been there, just waiting for the elimination of the primary personality.

Mersine herself is part of the Brain Police, so this case falls to her. Her job is to go undercover and coax information out of people working in the criminal underworld, specifically the black market for personalities. She’s fitted with a second personality for this job, an “imp” (a personality implant) named Marya, who’s a “memory-junkie” and so is familiar with how the black market works—or rather she has memories of the black market. Cadigan depicts the alternating of the two personalities in a simple but effective way, not only changing fonts (actually it might be the same font for Marya but bolded, I’m not sure) but changing tenses, with Mersine narrating in the past tense while Marya narrates in the present tense. This changing of tenses, especially for first-person narration, is an odd choice that takes some getting used to, but given what happens near the end of the story I can see why they’re different. The metaphysical implications of mindswapping and mindsucking in “Fool to Believe” are a bit disturbing, since typically we think of the human body and the human personality as separate, to an extent, but ultimately necessary to each other’s existence. What qualifies as the soul and where does it lurk? The ancient Egyptians thought it was in one’s heart, but modern medicine has taught us that a person can survive without the heart they were given at birth—indeed, they can continue to live and be “themselves” with damn near every organ replaced. Except for the brain. The human personality seems to boil down to a working brain and at least one of the senses, which for the purposes of “Fool to Believe” is the sense of vision. Thus this is a story about personality and perception.

There is not a plot so much as there is a network of characters whose interests intersect and run at odds with each other, thus giving the appearance of a plot. I’m not sure if this is a negative criticism or just stemming from me being a dumbass who didn’t read the story thoroughly enough, but while the setting of “Fool to Believe” is gripping and at times disturbing, the actual mystery surrounding Sovay is not. We have quite a few characters, but aside from Marya each of them is only drawn so vividly. We’ve got Rowan, Sovay’s wife (or widow, it’s ambiguous when it comes to cases like this), who from the beginning acts suspiciously and who might have been plotting behind her husband’s back. We have Coney Loe, who’s arguably the closest the story has to a villain, a “hype-head” who peddles mind-altering procedures like one peddles drugs. I should probably take this as an opportunity to talk about mental illness in the context of “Fool to Believe,” namely what used to be called multiple personality disorder. Damn near everybody here has some kind of mental disorder, but it depression, mania (there’s a parlor for experiencing religious mania called Sojourn For Truth, which I might add is a good pun), schizophrenia, or what is now called dissociative identity disorder. Mersine is basically made to have DID, if only temporarily, but the effect sharing a head with Marya has on her psyche is considerable. The two personalities, both being quite individual and assertive, regularly alternate as to who gets to be the dominant personality, and the switching is not always voluntary. Of course, since personalities can be transplanted from body to body, and even appear in multiple bodies at the same time, this raises the question of if Mersine has always been in control of the body she currently has.

There Be Spoilers Here

After figuring out the conspiracy behind Sovay’s mindsucking (basically having his mind held for ransom, which Rowan was willing to pay with anything or anyone to get back) and narrowly avoided getting mindsucked herself, Mersine/Marya has encountered an existential problem: neither of them is the original personality behind Mersine’s body. Mersine goes dormant, leaving Marya in charge of the body. She decides to quit the force, although technically she chooses not to renew her contract, since it was about to expire anyway. The case proved to be too much. In fairness, being on the Brain Police sounds like a huge—well, you can guess what I’m about to say. The sharing of the minds ends up being permanent. The only question then is, what happens next? I assume Fools answers that question, in that it follows Mersine/Marya after this case, but we’ll have to wait and see. I’m intrigued enough that I might seek it out.

A Step Farther Out

When I finished reading “Fool to Believe” I was worried I wouldn’t have much to write about, hence another reason why this review got delayed—not because there wasn’t enough to write about, but simply because I didn’t understand what I was dealing with well enough. Cadigan is a challenging writer at times, which makes me wonder what her novels (well, her originals, not the novelizations) read like. I do not recommend getting into her with “Fool to Believe,” instead going for something that’s shorter and more satisfying on a conventional level, like “Roadside Rescue” or “Pretty Boy Crossover.” This has also been an object lesson in how if I have a physical copy of a story on hand, I really should go for that rather than trudge through a digital copy.

See you next time.
Serial Review: Doorways in the Sand by Roger Zelazny (Part 2/3)

June 6th, 2025

(Cover by John Schoenherr. Analog, July 1975.)

The Story So Far

Fred Cassidy is an upright college undergrad—in fact he would be near the top of his class and due to graduate with honors, if not for the fact that he’s been an undergrad for 13 years. Uncle Albert, that is Fred’s uncle, has been in cold-sleep for years, and in his will (since Fred’s uncle is neither alive nor dead) he stipulates that Fred be given an allowance until his gets a degree. Fred was all too eager to exploit this. Fred’s newest academic adviser is just as eager to see Fred off, and it looks like the chips are down for Our Anti-Hero™. Not helping matters is that Fred’s former roommate, Hal, moved out to head off with Mary, his newfangled wife. Paul Byler, Fred’s former geology professor and a bit of a mad scientist, shows up at Fred’s dorm looking for the star-stone, an alien artefact that a coalition of intelligent alien races had given to the UN as a gift, or rather as part of an exchange. Fred and Hal had a replica of the star-stone in their dorm, but it seems that the real one, which the UN was supposed to have locked up tight, has gone missing. Fred earns the ire of Paul and later of a couple goons who are also after the star-stone. The ramifications of the dingus going missing turn out to be wide-reaching, since it doesn’t take long for a couple alien agents, named Ragma and Charv, to get on his case about it. Fred is the only person who might know where the stone has gone, the problem being he doesn’t know where it would be consciously; if anything it’s buried in his subconscious. The only ally, aside from Hal, that he’s gotten up to this point is a strange faceless and nameless presence that enters his mind during moments when he gets drunk. To be fair, he does get drunk quite often.

Enhancing Image

I should’ve mentioned Fred’s nameless and faceless friend from the first installment earlier, but somehow it had slipped my mind. Not sure how that happened, considering Zelazny plays with formatting when Fred and this ally of his have their conversation, presented like a teletype sheet. Since these conversations happen inside Fred’s mind, it makes sense for Zelazny to forego tagging dialogue in the conventional way. It’s fun! And it makes the book go by just a bit quicker, which is an achievement considering how fast-paced it already is. There’s no real B-plot, everything is from Fred’s POV, and characters will show maybe once or twice and then never again. The incident with the aforementioned alien agents (disguised as a kangaroo and a wombat, it sort of makes sense in context) gets swiped aside almost like it never happened, but this is not unusual for detective fiction, which Doorways in the Sand very much takes after. There’s a similar incident this installment with a telepathic alien named Sibla who’s disguised as a donkey, and who tries to help Fred—keyword being “tries.” By his own admission Sibla is not an agent in the field by training, but a cost accountant who was brought in at the last minute because the guy who was supposed to be here had called in sick. Cue the studio audience laugh track. Your enjoyment of this novel will partly depend on if you vibe with Zelazny’s sense of humor, which thankfully I do or else I wouldn’t be here.

Just when you think the stakes can’t get higher, the goons from the first installment have gone and kidnapped Mary, Hal’s wife. Hal and Mary had a spat earlier, so that at the end of the last installment Fred and Hal were hanging out at the latter’s place, getting drunk as two heterosexual buddies do. Hal checked Mary’s mom’s place, where she said she was going until their spat tided over, only to find out Mary had never reached her mom’s house. (In older Zelazny stories his characters have a nasty habit of smoking like chimneys, which isn’t the case with Doorways in the Sand, but they do drink a lot. This turns out to be useful for escaping detection from telepathic beings, since getting inebriated enough makes one’s mind harder to read.) Given that she’s being held at gunpoint and that both she and her husband are likely to be killed, Mary takes this all rather well—actually better than Hal does. For his part, Hal is kind of a dipshit: the only reason he even let Mary get kidnapped is that he was too petty to call her up shortly after they had their fight to say he was sorry. I say that these characters are entertaining and even relatable to an extent, but that’s not to say they’re boy scouts, or even all that smart. By the end of this installment Fred is seemingly no closer to getting the stone than he was at the beginning, not to mention he comes out of it with a bullet to the chest which I’m not sure how he’s supposed to survive. But of course he has to survive, because he’s been telling this story to us the whole time. The installment thus ends on just the right note, posing the question of how Fred is supposed to get out his latest nasty situation, and that’s how one structures a serial.

By the way, I wanted to bring up at some point that this has to be the first time I’ve seen the recap section for a serial installment come in the first person, from Fred’s POV. This is a nice touch, and it’s obvious that Zelazny wrote these recap passages (I assume that’s standard practice anyway, but you can tell Zelazny had written these recaps specifically with Fred’s voice in mind), which does make me lament that they’re probably not in the book version. It makes sense they wouldn’t be included, but this is also like the one time reading the serial version where I feel like something valuable (aside from illustrations) gets lost in translation.

A Step Farther Out

This was the shortest installment, to the point where I was a bit surprised when it ended, which isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Zelazny wrote this novel in a short span of time and by the seat of his pants, which on the one hand is apparent, but also I suspect the process by which Doorways in the Sand was written also gave it a manic energy that’s sorely lacking in a lot of other SF novels, even from the time. It’s not ponderous or all that deep, but it doesn’t take itself that seriously either. It’s like a couple of Reese’s peanut butter cups: it’s not nutritious, and you won’t feel any smarter after you’re done with it, but it makes you feel good inside.

See you next time.
Short Story Review: “Breakfast at Twilight” by Philip K. Dick

June 3rd, 2025

(Cover by Clarence Doore. Amazing Stories, July 1954.)

Who Goes There?

Philip K. Dick is one of the most important SF authors to ever live, and this is despite dying at 53 with a string of failed marriages and financial hardship left behind him. He was the first genre SF writer to get a Library of America volume, preserving some of his novels with fancy hardcover editions. The Philip K. Dick Award, given annually to the best SF novel first published in paperback, is still going to this day. Stanislaw Lem considered Dick to be the only American SF writer at the time (we’re talking the ’60s and ’70s) worth taking seriously. Whereas most authors would see their reputations taken a dent or two in light of certain transgressions, with Dick his mental illness and bad habits (namely his misogynistic streak and toxic behavior with friends, especially later in his life) are part of the “charm” for Dick fans. Indeed the fact that Dick was a hot mess is the name of the game. But before he became one of the most acclaimed novelists in the field he was one of the most acclaimed (and prolific) short story writers. 121 short stories and novellas, about half of which were written over the span of just a few years. “Breakfast at Twilight” is a Cold War parable, and one of the most solid (he wrote several) that Dick wrote.

Placing Coordinates

First published in the July 1954 issue of Amazing Stories. It was then reprinted in the November 1966 issue of Fantastic. For anthology appearances we have Amazing Science Fiction Anthology: The Wild Years 1946-1955 (ed. Martin H. Greenberg). As for Dick collections there are almost too many to count, but the big one is Second Variety, also titled We Can Remember It for You Wholesale and Other Classic Stories, which is the second in the book series collecting Dick’s short fiction.

Enhancing Image

The McLeans are a normal family who live just outside the city. Tim is an accountant, his wife Mary keeps house, and then there are their three kids, those being their son Earl, along with two daughters whose names are not important enough. One fine morning they’re having breakfast and the kids head off to school, only to discover there’s no school to go to—indeed there doesn’t seem to be anyone around for miles. The sky has also gone dark and the air is thick with a mix of fog and ash. Looks like the McLeans aren’t going anywhere after all, and this ends up being doubly the case when a group of soldiers come knocking at their door. The soldiers, unsure of how a house has remained in this landscape intact, accuse the McLeans of being “geeps” in disguise at first, which is to say Soviet infantry. The Cold War has apparently gone hot, with the Soviets having effectively invaded the US via a mix of “geeps” and “roms,” the latter being “robot operated missiles,” what basically amount to armed drones. The captain of the troops considers burning the whole place down with the McLeans inside, given that they don’t have their papers or their masks; but at the same time the whole situation is so inexplicable that the captain decides to call in a “polic” (a political commissioner) to investigate. The McLeans find that their house has somehow been launched seven years into the future, to the year 1980, three years after the Cold War escalated.

(By the way, the introductory blurb in the story’s original appearance is inaccurate, as it says “a hundred years” into the future. This is way off, which makes me think Dick didn’t write it.)

“Breakfast at Twilight” is a nicely self-contained little piece that honestly reads like it could’ve worked just as well for radio or a half-episode TV episode; that it has apparently never been adapted to another medium is a little perplexing. We get one location plus a small group of characters: the McLeans, the soldiers, and then Douglas the political commissioner. Very Twilight Zone vibes with this one, although it was published five years before that series. Dick’s beige prose style works in his favor, as we waste no time in establishing the premise and what’s at stake, and while most of the dialogue is expositional, it’s a lot to digest in only about a dozen pages. Given that Dick wrote quite a few stories about how the Cold War might escalate, he was kind of a pro at this sort of thing; but whereas “Second Variety” and “The Defenders” are from military points of voice, and “The Minority Report” uses policing as an allegory for the Cold War, “Breakfast at Twilight” is more about how civilians might cope with an American that has been all but torn asunder by bombs and boots on the ground. The future that the McLeans see is not that far from where they once were, and understandably they’re horrified not only by the physical destruction of the environment, but the US sliding into fascism in the name of combatting Soviet communism. Dick’s politics were honestly all over the place, but one thing he remained consistent on was being against McCarthyism and general alarmism when it came to the Soviets. The US of the near-future is not only in shambles but has devolved into a fiercely anti-intellectual and utilitarian culture, in which even certain books have been burned publicly (Douglas suggests Tim ditch the Dostoevsky in his library).

The creepiest part is that we have no clue who is even winning in this war, with the implication that whoever comes out on top will have experienced a pyrrhic victory. Earl, who’s depicted as being the most pro-war of the family (that the rash and naive son would be the most enthusiastic is, of course, a dig at ’50s jingoism), asks the soldiers more than once who is winning in this war, and nobody answers him. It’s a big thing that goes unsaid, and while Dick is not the most subtle of writers, he’s capable of some really insightful moments that cut with a trained surgeon’s precision. Now, we get an explanation for how the McLeans’ house got sent forward (or is it backward?) in time, having to do with radio and nuclear radiation, but it’s a nonsensical “sci-fi” thing that’s only there because it has to be. Dick was not a “hard” SF writer in that he was not concerned with the mechanics, or rather he saw the semblance of mechanics as a means to an end. I would take more issue with the SFnal conceit here being more or less arbitrary if the results weren’t worth it. The dilemma the McLeans then face is whether to go with the soldiers and basically become slave labor for a fascist shithole, but at leasr being safe in the short term, or remaining in the house in the slim hope that it might shuffle back to its original point in time before the Soviets are due to bomb the joint tonight. So you’ve got a bad situation vs. possibly an even worse situation, but the McLeans decide to stay.

There Be Spoilers Here

Tim gathers the family in the basement and the family makes it out by the skin of their teeth, with the house being sent back in time spontaneously just like they’d hoped. This in itself is predictable, because like, either their plan was gonna work or it wasn’t. What happens once Tim and his family emerge from the wreckage of their home (everything above the basement had gotten blasted to shit), is however quite different, and also haunting. See, the problem is that while the family narrowly avoided getting bombed, the war that they suddenly found themselves in is still happening in the future; not only that, but the war has already started. It began years ago, only soon it’s gonna go hot. The war is already happening. We then get a kind of internal monologue from Tim, who may as well be Dick’s mouthpiece in this instance, and it’s a good one:

It’s war. Total war. And not just war for me. For my family. For just my house.

It’s for your house, too. Your house and my house and all the houses. Here and in the next block, in the next town, the next state and country and continent. The whole world, like this. Shambles and ruins. Fog and dank weeds growing in the rusting slag. War for all of us. For everybody crowding down into the basement, white-faced, frightened, somehow sensing something terrible.

It’s an ending that’s not as much of a downer as what happens in “Second Variety,” but it’s no less fatalistic. Imagine living in 2018 and suddenly getting sent to 2025, and having to catch up on… more than a few things. Then you’re sent back to 2018. What would you do? Can you do anything to ease the sense of oncoming horror? On paper it’s a standard ending for this type of story, but it’s elevated by Dick’s unique intensity of paranoia, which captures the borderline apocalyptic feeling people were experiencing in the ’50s and at other points.

A Step Farther Out

Dick wrote quite a few short stories that are gimmicky and/or forgettable, but “Breakfast at Twilight” is not one of those. This is a taut and serious-minded story about a future that was quite possible at the time, and even if the Cold War never escalated to a certain point like Dick feared, it’s a paranoia that speaks to any age in which the government and ruling class could screw everyone over at any moment. We are unfortunately being forced to live in “interesting times.” This is also an effective companion piece to “Second Variety,” arguably more so than with “The Defenders,” which Dick had more explicitly written in tandem with that story. Dick’s stories (same goes for his novels) tend to riff on the same basic ideas over and over, so that they can often be compared with each other.

See you next time.