The Story So Far

The Fourth Brigade is less a proper brigade and more a ragtag bunch of hardened war veterans from several different countries. The Lieutenant (the L is arbitrarily capitalized starting with the final installment, so I’ll capitalize it here as well for consistency’s sake) is like a father to his men, making sure they’re well provided for and given resources which have become awfully scarce in the closing days of this latest war. The Lieutenant and his men have been ordered to return to GHQ, an underground fortress in France where a small upper crust of leaders and officers lord over the starved soldiers who have taken refuge in this large and yet labyrinthine bunker. The idea is to strip the Lieutenant and effectively put him under house arrest, while his brigade gets absorbed into another unit. This plan goes very badly, though, for the men in charge of GHQ, as the Fourth Brigade is still well-manned, well-armed, and well-fed, while the opposing troops don’t put up much in the way of resistance. What the Lieutenant’s men lack of raw numbers, they more than make up for in loyalty to their commanding officer. There are some casualties for the enemy, but miraculously the Fourth Brigade makes it out without any on their end.

Up to now the UK has been isolated from the rest of Europe, due to a combination of a contagious and fatal disease call soldier’s sickness and a plague of insects which helps spread said disease. The UK itself has become a communist one-party state, with the BCP and its leader Hogarthy being in charge. None of this sounds like good news for the Lieutenant, except that he and his men have become immune to the disease; those who didn’t, died. Having been separated from their homeland (although for some it’s not their homeland at all, but then mainland Europe is so scarred from endless war that there’s really nowhere else to go), the Fourth Brigade now makes way for England, by way of several boats. Overthrowing Hogarthy and restoring order will be difficult, or so it seems.

Enhancing Image

The amphibious assault on the beaches of England, which takes up the first stretch of this last installment, also ends up being something of an anticlimax. It’s pretty compelling, however, in terms of both how it reads in a post-WWII world and the politics Hubbard (perhaps inadvertently) injects into it. There’s a fundamental irony in a bunch of soldiers under British leadership, some of whom never even lived under the British flag before, making headway against a severely weakened British home front that also had turned communist years ago. I mentioned much earlier, I think in my review of the first installment, that in the world of Final Blackout the UK and Russia have basically traded places, with Russia now working under a monarchy and with a functioning but by now fatigued military. Time works like a flat circle here, with Russia here being in a similar position to how they were during WWI. I also mentioned that while SF historians and fellow reviewers have pointed out Final Blackout‘s strange relationship to WWII, it’s clear that Hubbard was taking cues from that war’s predecessor. Like Russia in the final days of WWI, the leader goes down almost without a fight. The Lieutenant’s men capture Hogarthy, who I’m not sure even has a line of dialogue, whereupon the Lieutenant orders the man to be executed without a trial. This is a bit of cold-bloodedness that aligns with what Our Anti-Hero™ has done thus far, but it also anticipates a broader ugliness that will come to reflect the novel’s political philosophy.

In seemingly no time the Lieutenant becomes the dictator of the UK, with the country having gone from a communist dictatorship to a nominally capitalist (I say “nominally,” more on that in a minute) dictatorship with a military junta in control. There is also a symbiotic partnership struck up with another despot, a “man who styled himself King of Scotland,” who like in the very old days ruled over that part of the UK while the Lieutenant lords over England. Partly this was done for practical reasons, since not only does the Lieutenant not have any political experience, but he’s given himself the Herculean task of rebuilding a country which has long since been brought nearly to destruction by a combination of never-ending war and government mismanagement. The Lieutenant, moreover, doesn’t really have politics of his own in the sense that he doesn’t support a specific ideology; but on the other hand, he makes it clear what he doesn’t support. The Lieutenant’s (and I think it’s safe to say also Hubbard’s, by extension) worldview is a conservative one, in the sense that he doesn’t like to get involved in politics as this “other” thing, with its own rules and experts. The novel’s conservative bent was apparent long before this, but it’s here in the last stretch that Hubbard articulates his feelings on government the most clearly. The UK under the Lieutenant becomes, over the span of a couple years, a largely agrarian society run on the philosophy of Social Darwinism. The land has been depopulated, but the people and even the plants and animals that remain are said to have built up a resistance to both soldier’s sickness and the swarms of ravenous bugs. The “weak” have since been weeded out, making for a stronger and better (so we’re told) England.

British society under the military junta, in which only the “strong” have survived, falls in line with some of Hubbard’s other pre-Dianetics fiction I’ve read, most especially his short novel To the Stars. If Hubbard can be said to have a consistent political stance, it’s a belief in the possibility of a “superior” man, having been created either via eugenics or trial by combat like in Final Blackout. This is by no means a unique position in magazine SF of the ’40s, but it’s notable in how pronounced it is here, as well as the fact that Hubbard would take this idea far enough as to create a religion around it. The Church of Scientology is and has always been a bourgeois church, in which a rather large number of its membership is comprised of the rich and famous. It might be the first religion ever to have been created with the aim of appealing to the ruling class, a church both by and for the rich—that exceedingly small group of “superior” (if only by way of money and property ownership) men and women. You’ll find a liberal Scientologist, but you’d be hard-pressed to find a Scientologist who’s a socialist or anarchist. I’m sort of convinced that such a thing doesn’t exist. Hubbard, at his best and most entertaining, is able to use this deranged belief in Social Darwinism to create openly fantastical and not terribly serious power fantasies. On the opposite end he was also able to create some of the most harrowing visions in magazine SF of the era. For ever Slaves of Sleep or Typewriter in the Sky there seems to be a Fear or a Final Blackout. These are two extremes, but they also strike me as two sides of the same coin.

The climax of Final Blackout involves a very strange political situation which, surprisingly, makes sense within the context of the novel. After a couple years of rebuilding his country, the Lieutenant is met with a war ship, the USS New York, as well as a recon plane from that ship. The Americans have arrived. In any other SF story from that time this would be meant as good news, but not so in Hubbard’s novel. This might be the only time in Campbell’s Astounding, at least when the magazine was at its peak, that the Americans are framed as the villains. What’s even more surprising is that it’s not a moustache-twirling kind of villainy, but instead the kind that would prove to be prophetic of how the US would conduct itself on the world stage following the end of WWII. The US, having steered clear of the countless wars in Europe, has spent the decades obtaining colonies in South America and Africa. Despite the apparent left-leaning bent of the American government, with the “Social-democrats” and the capital-S Socialists having replaced the Republicans and Democrats as the two dominant parties, the US has gone full imperialist. The degree to which Hubbard predicted a power-hungry US is creepy. So, the people of the UK are left with two options, both of which are unsavory: either a military dictatorship under the Lieutenant, or as a satellite state under the US. The conclusion clearly favors the former, but the result is still violent and at best bittersweet. I feel like I should stay away from giving away specifics about the ending, but let’s say this is not a feel-good type of story.

A Step Farther Out

Final Blackout is not quite as thrilling as the best of Hubbard’s fantasy and horror from around this time, and there’s also the sense that getting it published just a few years later, once the US entered WWII properly, would’ve been more difficult. There’s a lot to discuss with the political position Hubbard seems to take here—if only more people in living memory had read this novel. There used to be quite a few fans of Hubbard’s early fiction, but they all seem to be dead now. Even so, taking its faults and pretty dubious politics into account, it’s hard to find anything quite like Final Blackout in the pages of ’40s magazine SF. The fact that it ran in Astounding almost feels like an accident, and may have only happened because Hubbard and John W. Campbell were chummy with each other. This is one of the darkest and bloodiest SF novels of its era (hell, it might be the darkest and bloodiest), and on that front alone I would have to recommend it. Just be aware of what you’re getting into.

See you next time.

The Story So Far

The lieutenant is a good soldier, as he should be, considering he was literally born and raised in the midst of warfare. War has been ravaging mainland Europe for so many years that civilization as we know it has been partly wiped out, and even the military is on its last legs. Great Britain and Russia have been at war for control of the continent, with the UK having gotten rid of its monarchy (cool) and turned to Soviet-style socialism (maybe not as cool), meanwhile the USSR has crumbled and there’s once again a monarch as head of the Russian government. Where did this fucker come from? We’re not given an answer. What’s important is that the lieutenant and his men have been cut off from home, with the official reason being that “soldier’s sickness” (like a version of the black plague) has become widespread in the British Isles, so the UK’s become quarantined from the rest of Europe. No one can get in or out. (It’s funny, this happens almost verbatim in 28 Years Later, in which Britain [and maybe also Ireland] has become a no-go zone on account of a devastating virus.) The lieutenant’s been given orders to return to GHQ, which is stationed in France.

While published during World War II, Final Blackout is much more inspired by the battlegrounds of that war’s prequel, namely trench warfare and the rural no-man’s-lands of that era. Even the desolate villages, seemingly always on the outer reaches of France and a hundred or a million miles away from Paris. Chemical warfare has even made a return, which is understandable in a sense because anything more destructive has become infeasible. The tanks, aircraft, and even artillery units of years past have turned to rust, on account of oil and materials having run low. The factories that once produced tanks and bombers are no more. The tensest moments in the first installment come from close quarters and small-arms fire. A “duke” who got kicked out of his village makes the lieutenant and company aware of said village’s location, but not without getting a bullet in the chest and then the head for his troubles. He might’ve just had a cough, or it might’ve been soldier’s sickness, was the lieutenant’s reasoning. The soldiers stay overnight in the village, having threatened the townsfolk with poison gas; but while this meeting is peaceful at first, it also turns bloody in a minute. And ultimately there’s still the question of getting to GHQ.

Enhancing Image

I have to admit, I was taken aback by how short this installment is, to the point where I was susprised when the “TO BE CONCLUDED” showed up at the bottom of the page. This is just over twenty magazine pages, which is not really a criticism of the novel; after all, the book version is only about 160 pages. The second installment is chiefly concerned with the lieutenant arriving at GHQ, the one British fortress left in mainland Europe—amd indeed it is a fortress, especially when compared to the wasteland around it. GHQ is mostly underground, having been constructed some years ago as a massive bomb shelter. The good news is that it’s impervious to bombs and small arms fire, but it can also be thought of as one giant coffin. Rather than “the enemy,” one’s biggest threats here are disease and starvation; such is the case with the soldiers living in these cells and tunnels. General Victor is in charge at GQH, with a ring of officers to back him; meanwhile for the troops, food and clothing are strictly rationed. If life outside GHQ is like hell on earth, then life inside GHQ can only be considered marginally better. For the lieutenant things are only about to get worse as well, since the higher-ups see it fit to strip him of his command. The idea is that Captain Malcolm will take over and the lieutenant’s brigade is to be absorbed into another unit, with the lieutenant being left with nothing.

Something I should mention that I find interesting about Final Blackout is how much it sticks out as an example of right-wing pessimism in Campbell-era SF, in that it’s politically right-wing and philosophically pessimistic. The UK turning communist is framed as being the culmination of every bad political decision in the book, but also General Victor personifies the malevolent uselessness of bureaucracy that was often (sometimes justifiably) associated with Soviet-style socialism at the time. God knows I’m not a fan of the Bolsheviks myself. The lieutenant, however, is framed as the “ideal” soldier, in that he is a born warrior who seems to know no other peace than that which comes with a won battle. In contrast with other macho heroes typically found in Astounding at this point, who are men with big ideas and fetishes for numbers, the lieutenant is a man of action and relatively few words. If anything he has more in common with any given sword-and-sorcery protagonist (well, let’s say anti-hero) than those found in science fiction of the day. The lieutenant makes no secret of his ambivalence toward the BCP (British Communist Party), but then the implication is that he also sees such a power structure as transient—that is to say, temporary. The BCP will inevitably give way, like every political party before it. But (so Hubbard posits) the soldier, as an idea, will still be around. After everything else has turned to ash, warfare remains.

Despite the higher-ups at GHQ stripping the lieutenant of his command, at least with words and even on paper, they find out the hard way that they can’t strip away the loyalty the lieutenant’s men feel for him. And why not? They’re well provided for, all things considered, being about as comfortable as one could reasonably be in the middle of No Man’s Land. The lieutenant works to keep his men fed and clothed, not to mention minimizing casualties. Indeed, the troops are more loyal to this one man than to all of England (whatever’s left of it) at this point. The brigade revolts, which is easier in practice than it sounds, considering the fortress troops are underfed and low on combat experience. Captain Malcolm finds all this out the hard way when he takes a bullet to the back of the head, in what has to be the most violent scene in the novel so far, both for how bloody it is and how suddenly it happens. Sex and foul language were big no-nos in Astounding, but you can get away with describing people getting killed in rather graphic detail—even more graphic, in this case, than I was honestly expecting. Nearly all of this installment takes place inside GHQ, which boils down to the lieutenant reuniting with his men, although strangely he decides to spare General Victor. We’re looking at about twenty pages of tension and action, and if it’s weaker than the first stretch of the novel that comes down to the change in locale and greater focus on plot.

A Step Farther Out

The one question I have upon finishing close to two thirds of this novel is where the hell the characters are supposed to go from here. The idea seems to be England, but then what? What will the climax look like? Final Blackout is not so predictable a novel, in part because it plays fast and loose with plot and also because it tackles very different subject matter than most SF of the era. Sure, there would be WWII-era stories published later, especially once the US entered the war; but these stories tended toward the propagandistic, and I don’t think Hubbard (putting aside his future as a swindler and cult leader) meant to write propaganda here. The bleakest of the whole thing has a disquieting effect, even if you’re accustomed to reading less pulpy and more graphic fiction. This is a novel that really commits to “the bit,” as it were, which is to say it has yet to cop out. We’ll see quite soon where this dark road will lead us, but (and it pains me to say this) it looks like Hubbard had yet another winner on his hands.

See you next time.

Who Goes There?

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born in Nebraska in 1911, and spent his early years between that region of the US and traveling abroad. He attended but did not graduate from George Washington University, where he met Paul Linebarger, better known to SF readers as Cordwainer Smith. Both Hubbard and Smith could be understood as mavericks in the field later on, in that they were men with rather unique and fiery imaginations; but whereas Smith spawned a passionate cult following, Hubbard quite literally became a cult figure. But more on that in a second. For much of the ’30s, Hubbard wrote Westerns and other non-SFF pulp fiction, but he made he SFF debut in 1938, in Astounding, being part of that first wave of writers John W. Campbell nourished when he took over the magazine. Hubbard and Campbell quickly struck up a symbiotic partnership, although said partnership eventually soured. I could’ve sworn I had read somewhere that Hubbard was the most prolific contribot to Unknown, Astounding‘s sister magazine. He was quite popular at the time, if reader polls are anything to go by; but unlike Robert Heinlein, who reinvented the wheel with his Future History series, or Isaac Asimov, or who wrote one of the most famous SF stories of all time with “Nightfall,” Hubbard’s work did not leave such a lasting impression as that. Instead he can be thought of as a successor (one of a few likely candidates) to Edgar Rice Burroughs, in that he wrote high-octane science-fantasy in the pulp tradition. And in the late ’30s through the early ’40s he was very good at it.

Unfortunately, Hubbard’s gift for storytelling became severely misdirected by the late ’40s, when he began writing a series of articles that would ultimately result in Dianetics. Maybe the “great” pseudo-scientific text of the 20th century, Dianetics sold—as in it sold a lot. Campbell was also pushing for Dianetics with his editorials in Astounding at this time, and indeed the aforementioned partnership between Hubbard and Campbell was crucial for both men’s descents into shilling woo-woo nonsense. By the early ’50s Hubbard stopped writing fiction (or at least literature marketed as fiction) to focus on something even bigger than a bestselling book: the founding of a new religion. Turns out, if you have the right connections and lure in enough people, and (it must be said) have such an amount of charisma, you can get rich off of founding a new church. The Church of Scientology was founded in 1952, and it stands out as the religion to have emerged from the irradiated depths of the 20th century. It’s still going strong to this day, although that could be because a disproportionate number of its ranks are the rich and famous. Indeed Scientology seems to have been engineered from the beginning as a bourgeois religion, whose lifeblood is comprised of a cocktail of money and secrecy. Those who belong to the Church have a funny habit of being averse to discussing their faith in public, although that doesn’t stop them from trying to sell said faith.

Hubbard took a thirty-year hiatus from writing fiction to focus on his new religion, and when he finally did return to writing with Battlefield Earth in 1982, he had apparently forgotten how to write a novel. Whoever was responsible for editing the manuscript at St. Martin’s Press seemingly decided to take the week off, without taking a hacksaw to the novel’s immense bloat, or even checking for basic errors. Nowadays Hubbard’s fiction is printed by less respectable publishers, namely houses like Galaxy Press that are backed by Church dollars. The irony of all this is that not only are you unlikely to find any of Hubbard’s fiction outside maybe Battlefield Earth, but it looks like Hubbard’s own people have been doing a poor job of preserving his pre-hiatus fiction. This is a bit of a shame, because I do have a soft spot (you might say a guilty pleasure) for early Hubbard, which includes probably his most notable SF story from those days, Final Blackout. 1940 was unquestionably Hubbard’s annus mirabilis, as it saw the publication of not only Final Blackout but also the short novels Fear and Typewriter in the Sky. These three stories, taken collectively, show someone who honestly could’ve become one of the greats.

Placing Coordinates

Serialized in Astounding Science Fiction, April to June 1940. It wouldn’t see book form until 1948, and in fact is one of the few works of Hubbard to be published in book form pre-Dianetics. Aside from an added dedication at the beginning and some small textual revisions, it’s the same novel. I’m not really sure if it’s in print right now.

Enhancing Image

We’re far enough into the future that not only has World War III happened, but so have several more conflicts on such a scale. Mainland Europe has been rendered one giant tombstone for the millions of civilians and soldiers killed. The result is a post-apocalyptic landscape, in which warface has evolved (or maybe devolved) such that only the infantry unit has remained really useful. Tanks, aircraft, and even artillery have been rendered obsolete, if only because the industrial power needed to make them, never mind the fuel needed for them, is no longer feasible. Centuries from now, politics have naturally changed for certain countries, but in funny ways. The UK has seen its monarch assassinated and the government went through “every known kind of political buffoonery culminating in Communism.” Russia, meanwhile, has turned away from Soviet socialism and once again fallen under the rule of a czar. (We’re not given any details as to how such a monarchy came about, which is odd considering what happened to the last czar in the real world.) So the tables have been turned. The UK and Russia have been at war for God knows how long, but by the time the novel starts it’s become clear that this war is about over. There simply aren’t enough fighting men left on either side for things to go on much longer. It doesn’t help that the British troops are prohibited from returning to their home turf, the official cause of this being an epidemic of “soldier’s sickness” that’s been ravaging Great Britain. But maybe there’s an ulterior motive.

And then there’s the lieutenant.

In his review of Battlefield Earth (a pretty negative review, made more damning because he sympathized with Hubbard to an extent), Algis Budrys mentions the lieutenant of Final Blackout as an example of a “superbly detailed caricature,” alongside the likes of Sherlock Holmes and Tarzan. This is to say (and Budrys means this in a positive sense) that the lieutenant is not to be understood as like a real person with interiority, but rather as a mythical figure whose first impression made upon us will turn out to be consistent with his characterization throughout the rest of the story. Like so many figures in the Bible and classical mythology, the lieutenant is not so much a person as maybe a stand-in for several people. There probably was no such historical man who fit the lieutenant’s shoes, and it’s a very deliberate (and clever) choice on Hubbard’s part that not only are we not given the lieutenant’s name, but he doesn’t even seem to have one. The leader os a brigade of hungry but fiercely loyal men, the lieutenant is told of as being fearless, pragmatic, and very well versed in warfare, having been born and raised quite literally in the midst of it. He is, in his heart, a true warrior, in that his home is the battlefield. The duality of the lieutenant is that he is kind towards his men and wishes to see as few casualties on his side as possible, yet he’s quick to put a bullet in someone’s brain if they’re shown to be a small threat to his men. He is, in a sense, the ideal soldier, although calling him heroic might not be accurate.

I’ve read enough SF from the Campbell era that I can say Final Blackout is very different from other material being published in Astounding at the time. People who are used to reading SF of this vintage and having stuff like spaceships and psi powers forced upon them will be surprised that no such far-future staples exist in this novel. Hubbard wrote the novel in 1939, on the eve of war starting in Europe (again); but while reviewers have taken Final Blackout as a “warning” story, and while it no doubt works well as one, it also takes after WWI and its immediate aftermath. France, as depicted in Hubbard’s novel, far more resembles the war-torn rural stretch of the country in WWI and the Nazi-occupied country of that war’s sequel. The Russians, like in WWI, are under the rule of a czar, and there’s even a contagious and deadly illness sweeping across the land like the flu epidemic of 1918. To get even more specific, the lieutenant’s men use chemical warfare (gas attacks) to coax out enemy troops and unfriendly civilians. The lack of armored vehicles on the battlefield is another connection, although in the case of Final Blackout it’s because the tech and resources are no longer there. The only things left are the soldiers and their guns, with ammunition now being precious and the bayonet being preferred. We do get a few characters with names, and even personalities, although they don’t amount to that much. We have Captain Malcolm, who rivals the lieutenant for command of his brigade. More memorably we have Bulger, the brigade’s cook and sort of a bloodhound with how his nose works.

The plot of this first installment is rather loose, but that’s what I like about it. We’re given time to soak in the dire atmosphere and living conditions of the troops, as well as given some backstory on the conflict. Any story of this stripe should have a goal for the protagonist, though, and in fact the lieutenant has two of them, a short-term and a long-term goal. The short-term goal is to find food and shelter for the men, which is no easy task since villages and townsfolk have become scarce. The long-term goal is to return to GHQ, as the lieutenant’s brigade has been recalled. Without vehicles, they’ll have to make the trip on foot. Splendid. Is this realistic? Not really, but then it seems to be that Hubbard intended Final Blackout to be understood as a dark fable rather than as a “realistic” depiction of warfare. This is far from the norm with SF printed in Astounding at the time, since Campbell wanted fiction that was both plausible and “realistic,” i.e., things are meant to be taken literally. Symbolism and metaphor were not strictly excluded, but Campbell also didn’t encourage such a mindset when writing. As such, there is very little actual science in Final Blackout, at least with this opening stretch. You could call it speculative fiction, but it doesn’t take notes from the hard or even soft sciences; this is for the best, because Hubbard was not rigorous about the sciences at all. His fast and loose approach doesn’t work so well for his SF, but Final Blackout is an exception.

There Be Spoilers Here

The climax of this installment involves the brigade forcing their way into a French village, where tensions are high, not least because the troops had deployed gas and the lieutenants makes it clear he’s not above killing a few villagers if they become too inconvenient. One of the few able-bodied men left in the village finds this out the hard way: a bullet turns his head into a goddamn bowl of spaghetti. It’s not the first killing we see in the novel (a “duke” [so he claimed] informed the troops of the village in the first place, and got summarily executed for his troubles), but it’s the most sudden and graphically described so far. Even more disturbing is the reveal that the villagers had secretly been keeping more than a dozen soldiers from a different brigade as slaves. In just a handful of pages Hubbard shows us how cutthroat this ruined world has become, in which conditions for both soldiers and civilians have become dire. There’s really so little left here that’s worth saving. In his introductory blurb, Campbell (I assume Campbell wrote it) calls Final Blackout a novel “of grim and desolate power,” and it’s easy to see where he’s coming from. Things are not looking good for the lieutenant and his men, although we can gather from the exposition dump at the beginning that the lieutenant is destined for greatness—or at least something bigger than a ragtag bunch of half-starved men.

A Step Farther Out

It took eight years for Hubbard’s novel to be published in book form, which was not unusual for Campbell-era SF. By the time Final Blackout found its way to hardcover, WWII had both come and gone, and Hubbard himself had gone through a rather embarrassing stint in the navy. Even reading this novel, I get the creeping feeling that the person who wrote it had not seen combat at the time, and indeed probably would not after the fact. It’s such a heightened reading experience, though, that the lack of realism is easy enough to forgive. Like with the equally effective novel Fear, Hubbard taps into the dark corners of the human spirit, unflinchingly, so that Final Blackout is looking to be one of the bloodier SF novels of its era. I blazed through much of this first installment, despite the seeming lack of plot progression, and I await more.

See you next time.